Deficit of vitamin D in pregnancy and growth and overweight in the offspring.
Int J Obes (Lond). 2015 Jan;39(1):61-8. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2014.165. Epub 2014 Sep 5.
Morales E1, Rodriguez A2, Valvi D3, Iñiguez C4, Esplugues A4, Vioque J5, Marina LS6, Jiménez A7, Espada M8, Dehli CR9, Fernández-Somoano A10, Vrijheid M3, Sunyer J1.
Maternal level < 20 ng ==> 50% increased chance of abdominal circumference in 90+%
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BACKGROUND:
Maternal vitamin D status during fetal development may influence offspring growth and risk of obesity; however, evidence in humans is limited.
OBJECTIVE:
To investigate whether maternal circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) concentration in pregnancy is associated with offspring prenatal and postnatal growth and overweight.
METHODS:
Plasma 25(OH)D3 concentration was measured in pregnant women (median weeks of gestation 14.0, range 13.0-15.0) from the INMA (INfancia y Medio Ambiente) cohort (Spain, 2003-2008) (n = 2358). Offspring femur length (FL), biparietal diameter (BPD), abdominal circumference (AC) and estimated fetal weight (EFW) were evaluated at 12, 20 and 34 weeks of gestation by ultrasound examinations. Fetal overweight was defined either as AC or as EFW ⩾ 90th percentile. Child's anthropometry was recorded at ages 1 and 4 years. Rapid growth was defined as a weight gain z-score of >0.67 from birth to ages 6 months and 1 year. Age- and sex-specific z-scores for body mass index (BMI) were calculated at ages 1 and 4 years (World Health Organization referent); infant's overweight was defined as a BMI z-score ⩾ 85th percentile.
RESULTS:
We found no association of maternal 25(OH)D3 concentration with FL and a weak inverse association with BPD at 34 weeks. Maternal deficit of 25(OH)D3 (<20 ng ml(-1)) was associated with increased risk of fetal overweight defined as AC ⩾ 90th percentile (odds ratio (OR) = 1.50, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01-2.21; P = 0.041) or either as EFW ⩾ 90th percentile (OR = 1.47, 95% CI: 1.00-2.16; P = 0.046). No significant associations were found with rapid growth. Deficit of 25(OH)D3 in pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of overweight in offspring at age 1 year (OR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.02-1.97; P = 0.039); however, the association was attenuated at age 4 years (OR = 1.19, 95% CI: 0.83-1.72; P = 0.341).
CONCLUSIONS:
Vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy may increase the risk of prenatal and early postnatal overweight in offspring. Clinical trials are warranted to determine the role of vitamin D in the early origins of obesity.
PMID: 25189178
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Pages listed in BOTH the categories Pregnancy and Obesity
- Fetus conceived by slender mom grown by obese mom is more likely will become obese - Sept 2020
- Autism 2.1 times more likely if obese and PCOS (relationships to vitamin D not mentioned) Oct 2016
- Prenatal soft drink resulted in 2 times more overweight babies at age 12 months (vitamin D not mentioned) – May 2016
- Infant risk of obesity increased by 50 percent if low vitamin D during pregnancy – Sept 2015
- Overweight children associated with low vitamin D during pregnancy – 2015, 2018
- High risk of extremely premature birth if high BMI (low vitamin D) – June 2013
- 1.8X increased risk of Obesity if antibiotics were used during pregnancy – Nov 2014
- Morbid obesity increases chance of extreme preemie by 3X (low vitamin D not mentioned) – June 2013
- Obese mothers with adequate vitamin D gave birth to low D and fat infants – Jan 2013
- Low vitamin D in womb linked to more weight at age 6 – May 2012
- Vitamin D Levels at Birth May Predict Obesity Risk at age 3 - Oct 2010
- Half of newborn deaths are due to excessive weight of their mothers – Oct 2010
Pages listed in BOTH the categories Infant-child and Obesity
- Obese children had 2.2 X less response to a single dose of Vitamin D – Oct 2020
- Little weight loss in obese children from very small amount of vitamin D (1200 IU) – RCT April 2020
- Increased weight in children 8X more likely for each unit increase in adenovirus (if ignore Vitamin D) – Nov 2019
- Obesity 3X more likely in US children having low vitamin D – July 2019
- Overweight children are 3.4 X more likely to have low Vitamin D – March 2019
- Indoor pollution is a problem with obese black asthmatic children – May 2018
- Severe Non-Alcoholic fatty liver disease treated by Omega-3 – RCT April 2018
- The Convergence of Two Epidemics: Vitamin D Deficiency in Obese School-aged Children – Jan 2018
- Fatty liver disease in children nicely treated by combination of Vitamin D and Omega-3 – RCT Dec 2016
- Omega-3 in infancy reduces Obesity following antibiotic (confirmed in rats, suspected in humans) – Feb 2016
- Vitamin D deficiency and childhood obesity: interactions, implications, and recommendations (5,000 IU) – Feb 2016
- Obese children – 71 percent had low vitamin D– Jan 2016
- Infant risk of obesity increased by 50 percent if low vitamin D during pregnancy – Sept 2015
- Obese children and youths need more vitamin D – Review Feb 2015
- Overweight children associated with low vitamin D during pregnancy – 2015, 2018
- Higher vitamin D at birth associated with less diabetes and obesity 35 years later – Jan 2014
- More Hypertension in obese children with low vitamin D, especially at night – Dec 2013
- Very poor follow-thu with vitamin D testing and supplementation of obese children – June 2013
- Obese children gain weight more quickly when have low vitamin D – Oct 2013
- Obese mothers with adequate vitamin D gave birth to low D and fat infants – Jan 2013
- Heavier kids more vitamin D deficient, especially if dark skinned – Pediatrics Dec 2012
- Obese children with celiac disease had lower levels of vitamin D – April 2012
- The more vitamin D the lower the infant BMI – March 2011
- Obama task force told that childhood Obesity linked to Vitamin D Deficiency – Aug 2010