Canadian immigrants have lower vitamin D levels and more chronic diseases
Vitamin D and Chronic Diseases among First-Generation Immigrants: A Large-Scale Study Using Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS) Data
Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1760; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091760
by Said Yousef 1,2,*,Ian Colman 1,Manny Papadimitropoulos 3,4,Douglas Manuel 5,6,7,Alomgir Hossain 1,6ORCID,MoezAlIslam Faris 8ORCID andGeorge A. Wells 1,2
Background: Nearly 22% of the Canadian population are first-generation immigrants. We investigated immigrants’ health status and health deterioration over time in terms of the prevalence of chronic diseases (CDs) and their relationship to vitD status.
Methods: We used cycles three (2012–2013) and four (2014–2015) of the Canadian Health Measures Survey. These data contained unique health information and direct physical/blood measures, including serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (S-25(OH)D). Indicators of health status and deterioration were the prevalence of CDs diagnosed by healthcare professionals, self-reported general and mental health, and CD-related biomarkers.
Results: The data (n = 11,579) included immigrants from more than 153 countries. Immigrants were healthier than non-immigrants for most health status measures.
The prevalence of CDs was higher among those who migrated to Canada aged ≥ 18 years.
A longer time in Canada after immigration was associated with a higher risk for CDs. The mean S-25(OH)D was lower among immigrants, higher among patients with CDs, and inversely associated with glycated hemoglobin, total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein ratio, immunoglobulin E, serum ferritin, and blood hemoglobin. After adjusting for covariates, no association was found between S-25(OH)D and the prevalence of CDs.
Conclusions: Lower levels of accumulated S-25(OH)D among immigrants may impact their health profile in terms of CD-related biomarkers, which partially explains immigrants’ health deterioration over time. We recommend further longitudinal research to investigate immigrants’ vitD and health deterioration.
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Risk factors for low immigrant vitamin D
Darker Skin
Stay indoors more (Not feel comfortable in the new culture, language)
Concealing clothing (Muslim women. Sikhs, )
Working 2nd or 3rd shifts
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