Radiation therapy, used to treat some cancers, causes less damage if use Vitamin D (or Melatonin) – Aug 2022

Ionizing Radiation as a Source of Oxidative Stress—The Protective Role of Melatonin and Vitamin D

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(16), 5804; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21165804
Jarosław Nuszkiewicz *ORCID,Alina Woźniak andKarolina Szewczyk-Golec *ORCID
Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 24 Karłowicza St, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland

Ionizing radiation (IR) has found widespread application in modern medicine, including medical imaging and radiotherapy. As a result, both patients and healthcare professionals are exposed to various IR doses. To minimize the negative side effects of radiation associated with oxidative imbalance, antioxidant therapy has been considered. In this review, studies on the effects of melatonin and vitamin D on radiation-induced oxidative stress are discussed.
According to the research data, both substances meet the conditions for use as agents that protect humans against IR-induced tissue damage. Numerous studies have confirmed that melatonin, a hydro- and lipophilic hormone with strong antioxidant properties, can potentially be used as a radioprotectant in humans.
Less is known about the radioprotective effects of vitamin D, but the results to date have been promising. Deficiencies in melatonin and vitamin D are common in modern societies and may contribute to the severity of adverse side effects of medical IR exposure. Hence, supporting supplementation with both substances seems to be of first importance. Interestingly, both melatonin and vitamin D have been found to selectively radiosensitise cancer cells, which makes them promising adjuvants in radiotherapy. More research is needed in this area, especially in humans.
 Download the PDF from Vitamin D Life

10+ Vitamin D Life pages with both CANCER and RADIATION in the title

This list is automatically updated

Vitamin D Life - Melatonin and Vitamin D - many studies

PDF References

1. Bamgbose, B.O.; Suwaid, M.A.; Kaura, M.A.; Sugianto, I.; Hisatomi, M.; Asaumi, J. Current status of oral and maxillofacial radiology in West Africa. Oral Radiol. 2018, 34,105-112. [CrossRef]
2. Hickling, S.; Xiang, L.; Jones, K.C.; Parodi, K.; Assmann, W.; Avery, S.; Hobson, M.; El Naqa, I. Ionizing radiation-induced acoustics for radiotherapy and diagnostic radiology applications. Med. Phys. 2018, 45, 707-721. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
3. Do, K.H. General Principles of radiation Protection in Fields of Diagnostic Medical Exposure. J. Korean Med. Sci. 2016, 31, 6-9. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
4. Burgio, E.; Piscitelli, P.; Migliore, L. Ionizing radiation and Human Health: Reviewing Models of Exposure and Mechanisms of Cellular Damage. An Epigenetic Perspective. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018,15,1971. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
5. Abuelhia, E. Awareness of ionizing radiation exposure among junior doctors and senior medical students in radiological investigations. J. Radiol. Prot. 2017, 37, 59-67. [CrossRef]
6. Indriolo, N.; Neufeld, D.A.; Gerin, M.; Schilke, P.; Benz, A.O.; Winkel, B.; Menten, K.M.; Chambers, E.T.; Black, J.H.; Bruderer, S.; et al. Herschelsurvey of Galactic Oh+, H2O+, and H3O+: Probing the Molecular Hydrogen Fraction and Cosmic-Ray Ionization Rate. Astrophys. J. 2015, 800,1-26. [CrossRef]
7. Zdrojewicz, Z.; Szlagor, A.; Wielogorska, M.; Nowakowska, D.; Nowakowski, J. Influence of ionizing radiation on human body. Fam. Med. Prim. Care Rev. 2016,2,174-179. [CrossRef]
8. Bassez, M.P. Water, air, Earth and cosmic radiation. Orig. Life Evol. Biosph. 2015, 45, 5-13. [CrossRef]
9. Baldwin, J.; Grantham, V. radiation Hormesis: Historical and Current Perspectives. J. Nucl. Med. Technol. 2015, 43, 242-246. [CrossRef]
10. Jargin, S.V. Hormesis and radiation safety norms: Comments for an update. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 2018, 37, 1233-1243. [CrossRef]
11. Shibamoto, Y.; Nakamura, H. Overview of Biological, Epidemiological, and Clinical Evidence of radiation Hormesis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018,19, 2387. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
12. Buonanno, M.; de Toledo, S.M.; Pain, D.; Azzam, E.I. Long-term consequences of radiation-induced bystander effects depend on radiation quality and dose and correlate with oxidative stress. Radiat. Res. 2011, 175, 405-415. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
13. Thiagarajan, A.; Yamada, Y. Radiobiology and radiotherapy of brain metastases. Clin. Exp. Metastasis 2017, 34, 411-419. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
14. Kirsch, D.G.; Diehn, M.; Kesarwala, A.H.; Maity, A.; Morgan, M.A.; Schwarz, J.K.; Bristow, R.; Demaria, S.; Eke, I.; Griffin, R.J.; et al. The Future of Radiobiology. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2018,110, 329-340. [CrossRef]
15. Cui, F.; Ma, N.; Han, X.; Chen, N.; Xi, Y.; Yuan, W.; Xu, Y.; Han, J.; Xu, X.; Tu, Y. Effects of 60 Co y gamma Irradiation on the Reproductive Function of Caenorhabditis elegans. Dose-Response 2019,17,1-6. [CrossRef]
16. Santacruz-Gomez, K.; Sarabia-Sainz, A.; Acosta-Elias, M.; Sarabia-Sainz, M.; Janetanakit, W.; Khosla, N.; Melendrez, R.; Montero, M.P.; Lal, R. Antioxidant activity of hydrated carboxylated nanodiamonds and its influence on water gamma-radiolysis. Nanotechnology 2018,29,1-9. [CrossRef]
17. Reiter, R.J.; Mayo, J.C.; Tan, D.X.; Sainz, R.M.; Alatorre-Jimenez, M.; Qin, L. Melatonin as an antioxidant: Under promises but over delivers. J. Pineal Res. 2016, 61, 253-278. [CrossRef]
18. Sepidarkish, M.; Farsi, F.; Akbari-Fakhrabadi, M.; Namazi, N.; Almasi-Hashiani, A.; Maleki Hagiagha, A.; Heshmati, J. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on oxidative stress parameters: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Pharmacol. Res. 2019,139,141-152. [CrossRef]
19. Podzolkov, V.I.; Pokrovskaya, A.E.; Panasenko, O.I. vitamin D deficiency and cardiovascular pathology. Ter. Arkhiv 2018, 90,144-150. [CrossRef]
20. Touitou, Y.; Reinberg, A.; Touitou, D. Association between light at night, melatonin secretion, sleep deprivation, and the internal clock: Health impacts and mechanisms of circadian disruption. Life Sci. 2017,173, 94-106. [CrossRef]
21. Shirazi, A.; Ghobadi, G.; Ghazi-Khansari, M. A radiobiological review on melatonin: A novel radioprotector. J. Radiat. Res. 2007, 48, 263-272. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
22. Vijayalaxmi; Reiter, R.J.; Tan, D.X.; Herman, T.S.; Thomas, C.R., Jr. Melatonin as a radioprotective agent: A review. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 2004, 59, 639-653. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
23. Zetner, D.; Andersen, L.P.; Rosenberg, J. Melatonin as Protection Against radiation Injury: A Systematic Review. Drug Res. 2016, 66, 281-296. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
24. Savastano, S.; Barrea, L.; Savanelli, M.C.; Nappi, F.; Di Somma, C.; Orio, F.; Colao, A. Low vitamin D status and obesity: Role of nutritionist. Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord. 2017,18,215-225. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
25. Issa, C.M. vitamin D and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2017, 996, 193-205. [CrossRef]
26. Christakos, S.; Dhawan, P.; Verstuyf, A.; Verlinden, L.; Carmeliet, G. vitamin D: Metabolism, Molecular Mechanism of Action, and Pleiotropic Effects. Physiol. Rev. 2016, 96, 365-408. [CrossRef]
27. Alizadeh, E.; Orlando, T.M.; Sanche, L. Biomolecular damage induced by ionizing radiation: The direct and indirect effects of low-energy electrons on DNA. Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 2015, 66, 379-398. [CrossRef]
28. Castronuovo, D.; Sofo, A.; Lovelli, S.; Candido, V.; Scopa, A. Effects of UV-C radiation on common dandelion and purple coneflower: First results. Int. J. Plant Biol. 2017, 8, 61-64. [CrossRef]
29. Sgouros, G.; Hobbs, R.; Josefsson, A. Dosimetry and Radiobiology of Alpha-Particle Emitting Radionuclides. Curr. Radiopharm. 2018,11,209-214. [CrossRef]
30. Dell'Oro, S.; Marcocci, S.; Viel, M.; Vissani, F. Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay: 2015 Review. Adv. High Energy Phys. 2016, 2016,1-37. [CrossRef]
31. Kozlovska, M.; Cerny, R.; Otahal, P. Attenuation of X and Gamma Rays in Personal radiation Shielding Protective Clothing. Health Phys. 2015,109,205-211. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
32. Demasters, G.; Di, X.; Newsham, I.; Shiu, R.; Gewirtz, D.A. Potentiation of radiation sensitivity in breast tumor cells by the vitamin D3 analogue, EB 1089, through promotion of autophagy and interference with proliferative recovery. Mol. Cancer Ther. 2006, 5, 2786-2797. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
33. Hubenak, J.R.; Zhang, Q.; Branch, C.D.; Kronowitz, S.J. Mechanisms of injury to normal tissue after radiotherapy: A review. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 2014,133, 49-56. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
34. Takahashi, A.; Ikeda, H.; Yoshida, Y. Role of High-Linear Energy Transfer Radiobiology in Space radiation Exposure Risks. Int. J. Part Ther. 2018, 5,151-159. [CrossRef]
35. Sollazzo, A.; Shakeri-Manesh, S.; Fotouhi, A.; Czub, J.; Haghdoost, S.; Wojcik, A. Interaction of low and high LET radiation in TK6 cells-mechanistic aspects and significance for radiation protection. J. Radiol. Prot. 2016, 36, 721-735. [CrossRef]
36. Tharmalingam, S.; Sreetharan, S.; Kulesza, A.V.; Boreham, D.R.; Tai, T.C. Low-Dose Ionizing radiation Exposure, Oxidative Stress and Epigenetic Programing of Health and Disease. Radiat. Res. 2017,188, 525-538. [CrossRef]
37. Lorenzo-Gonzalez, M.; Torres-Duran, M.; Barbosa-Lorenzo, R.; Provencio-Pulla, M.; Barros-Dios, J.M.; Ruano-Ravina, A. Radon exposure: A major cause of lung cancer. Expert. Rev. Respir. Med. 2019,13, 839-850. [CrossRef]
38. Acheva, A.; Haghdoost, S.; Sollazzo, A.; Launonen, V.; Kamarainen, M. Presence of Stromal Cells Enhances Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) Induction in Lung Bronchial Epithelium after Protracted Exposure to Oxidative Stress of Gamma radiation. Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev. 2019, 2019,1-14. [CrossRef]
39. Azzam, E.I.; Jay-Gerin, J.P.; Pain, D. Ionizing radiation-induced metabolic oxidative stress and prolonged cell injury. Cancer Lett. 2012, 327, 48-60. [CrossRef]
40. Sage, E.; Shikazono, N. radiation-induced clustered DNA lesions: Repair and mutagenesis. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2017,107,125-135. [CrossRef]
41. Sylvester, C.B.; Abe, J.I.; Patel, Z.S.; Grande-Allen, K.J. radiation-Induced Cardiovascular Disease: Mechanisms and Importance of Linear Energy Transfer. Front. Cardiovasc. Med. 2018, 5,1-9. [CrossRef]
42. Einor, D.; Bonisoli-Alquati, A.; Costantini, D.; Mousseau, T.A.; Moller, A.P. Ionizing radiation, antioxidant response and oxidative damage: A meta-analysis. Sci. Total Environ. 2016, 548-549,463-471. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
43. Sies, H. Oxidative stress: A concept in redox biology and medicine. Redox Biol. 2015, 4,180-183. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
44. Breitenbach, M.; Eckl, P. Introduction to Oxidative Stress in Biomedical and Biological Research. Biomolecules 2015, 5,1169-1177. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
45. Filetti, F.M.; Vassallo, D.V.; Fioresi, M.; Simoes, M.R. Reactive oxygen species impair the excitation-contraction coupling of papillary muscles after acute exposure to a high copper concentration. Toxicol. Vitro 2018, 51, 106-113. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
46. Pospisil, P.; Prasad, A.; Rac, M. Mechanism of the Formation of Electronically Excited Species by Oxidative Metabolic Processes: Role of Reactive Oxygen Species. Biomolecules 2019, 9, 258. [CrossRef]
47. Georgiou, C.D.; Zisimopoulos, D.; Kalaitzopoulou, E.; Quinn, R.C. radiation-Driven Formation of Reactive Oxygen Species in Oxychlorine-Containing Mars Surface Analogues. Astrobiology 2017, 17, 319-336. [CrossRef]
48. Leser, M.; Chapman, J.R.; Khine, M.; Pegan, J.; Law, M.; Makkaoui, M.E.; Ueberheide, B.M.; Brenowitz, M. Chemical Generation of Hydroxyl Radical for Oxidative 'Footprinting'. Protein Pept. Lett. 2019, 26, 61-69. [CrossRef]
49. Cheignon, C.; Tomas, M.; Bonnefont-Rousselot, D.; Faller, P.; Hureau, C.; Collin, F. Oxidative stress and the amyloid beta peptide in Alzheimer's disease. Redox Biol. 2018,14, 450-464. [CrossRef]
50. Ahotupa, M. Oxidized lipoprotein lipids and atherosclerosis. Free Radic. Res. 2017, 51, 439-447. [CrossRef]
51. Gebicki, J.M. Oxidative stress, free radicals and protein peroxides. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 2016, 595, 33-39. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
52. Hauck, A.K.; Huang, Y.; Hertzel, A.V.; Bernlohr, D.A. Adipose oxidative stress and protein carbonylation. J. Biol. Chem. 2019,294,1083-1088. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
53. Czarny, P.; Wigner, P.; Galecki, P.; Sliwinski, T. The interplay between inflammation, oxidative stress, DNA damage, DNA repair and mitochondrial dysfunction in depression. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2018, 80, 309-321. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
54. Bisht, S.; Faiq, M.; Tolahunase, M.; Dada, R. Oxidative stress and male infertility. Nat. Rev. Urol. 2017,14, 470-485. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
55. Klaunig, J.E. Oxidative Stress and Cancer. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2018, 24, 4771-4778. [CrossRef]
56. Takahashi, K.; Okumura, H.; Guo, R.; Naruse, K. Effect of Oxidative Stress on Cardiovascular System in Response to Gravity. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017,18,1426. [CrossRef]
57. Manna, P.; Jain, S.K. Obesity, Oxidative Stress, Adipose Tissue Dysfunction, and the Associated Health Risks: Causes and Therapeutic Strategies. Metab. Syndr. Relat. Disord. 2015,13, 423-444. [CrossRef]
58. Yaribeygi, H.; Panahi, Y.; Javadi, B.; Sahebkar, A. The Underlying Role of Oxidative Stress in Neurodegeneration: A Mechanistic Review. CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets 2018,17, 207-215. [CrossRef]
59. Sahiner, U.M.; Birben, E.; Erzurum, S.; Sackesen, C.; Kalayci, O. Oxidative stress in asthma: Part of the puzzle. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 2018, 29, 789-800. [CrossRef]
60. Torres-Cuevas, I.; Parra-Llorca, A.; Sanchez-Illana, A.; Nunez-Ramiro, A.; Kuligowski, J.; Chafer-Pericas, C.; Cernada, M.; Escobar, J.; Vento, M. Oxygen and oxidative stress in the perinatal period. Redox Biol. 2017,12, 674-681. [CrossRef]
61. Wang, S.; He, G.; Chen, M.; Zuo, T.; Xu, W.; Liu, X. The Role of Antioxidant Enzymes in the Ovaries. Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev 2017, 2017,1-14. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
62. Veal, E.; Jackson, T.; Latimer, H. Role/s of 'Antioxidant' Enzymes in Ageing. Subcell. Biochem. 2018, 90, 425-450. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
63. Pisoschi, A.M.; Pop, A. The role of antioxidants in the chemistry of oxidative stress: A review. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2015, 97, 55-74. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
64. Pingitore, A.; Lima, G.P.; Mastorci, F.; Quinones, A.; Iervasi, G.; Vassalle, C. Exercise and oxidative stress: Potential effects of antioxidant dietary strategies in sports. Nutrition 2015, 31, 916-922. [CrossRef]
65. Wimalawansa, S.J. vitamin D Deficiency: Effects on Oxidative Stress, Epigenetics, Gene Regulation, and Aging. Biology (Basel) 2019, 8, 30. [CrossRef]
66. Siti, H.N.; Kamisah, Y.; Kamsiah, J. The role of oxidative stress, antioxidants and vascular inflammation in cardiovascular disease (a review). Vasc. Pharm. 2015, 71, 40-56. [CrossRef]
67. Prauchner, C.A. Oxidative stress in sepsis: Pathophysiological implications justifying antioxidant co-therapy. Burns 2017, 43, 471-485. [CrossRef]
68. Forrester, S.J.; Kikuchi, D.S.; Hernandes, M.S.; Xu, Q.; Griendling, K.K. Reactive Oxygen Species in Metabolic and Inflammatory Signaling. Circ. Res. 2018,122, 877-902. [CrossRef]
69. Farhood, B.; Goradel, N.H.; Mortezaee, K.; Khanlarkhani, N.; Najafi, M.; Sahebkar, A. Melatonin and cancer: From the promotion of genomic stability to use in cancer treatment. J. Cell. Physiol. 2018, 234, 5613-5627. [CrossRef]
70. McBride, W.H.; Schaue, D. radiation-induced tissue damage and response. J. Pathol. 2020, 250, 647-655. [CrossRef]
71. Yahyapour, R.; Motevaseli, E.; Rezaeyan, A.; Abdollahi, H.; Farhood, B.; Cheki, M.; Rezapoor, S.; Shabeeb, D.; Musa, A.E.; Najafi, M.; et al. Reduction-oxidation (redox) system in radiation-induced normal tissue injury: Molecular mechanisms and implications in radiation therapeutics. Clin. Transl. Oncol. 2018, 20, 975-988. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
72. Kang, J.A.; Yoon, S.H.; Rho, J.K.; Jang, B.S.; Choi, D.S.; Lee, D.E.; Byun, E.B.; Jeon, J.; Park, S.H. Radioprotective effect of hesperetin against gamma-irradiation-induced DNA damage and immune dysfunction in murine splenocytes. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 2016, 25,163-168. [CrossRef]
73. Karimi, N.; Monfared, A.S.; Haddadi, G.H.; Soleymani, A.; Mohammadi, E.; Hajian-Tilaki, K.; Borzoueisileh, S. Radioprotective effect of hesperidin on reducing oxidative stress in the lens tissue of rats. Int. J. Pharm. Investig. 2017, 7,149-154. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
74. Rezaeyan, A.; Haddadi, G.H.; Hosseinzadeh, M.; Moradi, M.; Najafi, M. Radioprotective effects of hesperidin on oxidative damages and histopathological changes induced by X-irradiation in rats heart tissue. J. Med. Phys. 2016 41,182-191. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
75. Shaban, N.Z.; Ahmed Zahran, A.M.; El-Rashidy, F.H.; Abdo Kodous, A.S. Protective role of hesperidin against gamma-radiation-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in rat testis. J. Biol. Res.-Thessal. 2017, 24, 1-11. [CrossRef]
76. Tordjman, S.; Chokron, S.; Delorme, R.; Charrier, A.; Bellissant, E.; Jaafari, N.; Fougerou, C. Melatonin: Pharmacology, Functions and Therapeutic Benefits. Curr. Neuropharmacol. 2017,15, 434-443. [CrossRef]
77. Zhang, H.M.; Zhang, Y. Melatonin: A well-documented antioxidant with conditional pro-oxidant actions. J. Pineal Res. 2014, 57,131-146. [CrossRef]
78. Acuna-Castroviejo, D.; Escames, G.; Venegas, C.; Diaz-Casado, M.E.; Lima-Cabello, E.; Lopez, L.C.; Rosales-Corral, S.; Tan, D.X.; Reiter, R.J. Extrapineal melatonin: Sources, regulation, and potential functions. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 2014, 71, 2997-3025. [CrossRef]
79. Lerner, A.B.; Case, J.D.; Takahashi, Y.; Lee, T.H.; Mori, W. Isolation of Melatonin, the Pineal Gland Factor That Lightens Melanocytes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1958, 80, 2587. [CrossRef]
80. Amaral, F.G.D.; Cipolla-Neto, J. A brief review about melatonin, a pineal hormone. Arch. Endocrinol. Metab. 2018, 62, 472-479. [CrossRef]
81. Nichols, D.E. N,N-dimethyltryptamine and the pineal gland: Separating fact from myth. J. Psychopharmacol. 2018, 32, 30-36. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
82. Cipolla-Neto, J.; Amaral, F.G.D. Melatonin as a Hormone: New Physiological and Clinical Insights. Endocr. Rev. 2018, 39, 990-1028. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
83. Talib, W.H. Melatonin and Cancer Hallmarks. Molecules 2018, 23, 518. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
84. Claustrat, B.; Leston, J. Melatonin: Physiological effects in humans. Neurochirurgie 2015, 61, 77-84. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
85. Reiter, R.J.; Tan, D.X.; Galano, A. Melatonin: Exceeding expectations. Physiology 2014, 29, 325-333. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
86. Waller, K.L.; Mortensen, E.L.; Avlund, K.; Fagerlund, B.; Lauritzen, M.; Gammeltoft, S.; Jennum, P. Melatonin and cortisol profiles in late midlife and their association with age-related changes in cognition. Nat. Sci. Sleep 2016, 8, 47-53. [CrossRef]
87. Kennaway, D.J. A critical review of melatonin assays: Past and present. J. Pineal Res. 2019,67,1-14. [CrossRef]
88. Pfeffer, M.; Korf, H.W.; Wicht, H. Synchronizing effects of melatonin on diurnal and circadian rhythms. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 2018, 258,215-221. [CrossRef]
89. Giudice, A.; Crispo, A.; Grimaldi, M.; Polo, A.; Bimonte, S.; Capunzo, M.; Amore, A.; D'Arena, G.; Cerino, P.; Budillon, A.; et al. The Effect of Light Exposure at Night (LAN) on Carcinogenesis via Decreased Nocturnal Melatonin Synthesis. Molecules 2018,23,1308. [CrossRef]
90. Zisapel, N. New perspectives on the role of melatonin in human sleep, circadian rhythms and their regulation. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2018,175, 3190-3199. [CrossRef]
91. Hardeland, R. Melatonin and the pathologies of weakened or dysregulated circadian oscillators. J. Pineal Res. 2016 62,1-16. [CrossRef]
92. Perez, S.; Murias, L.; Fernandez-Plaza, C.; Diaz, I.; Gonzalez, C.; Otero, J.; Diaz, E. Evidence for clock genes circadian rhythms in human full-term placenta. Syst. Biol. Reprod. Med. 2015, 61, 360-366. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
93. Jahanban-Esfahlan, R.; Mehrzadi, S.; Reiter, R.J.; Seidi, K.; Majidinia, M.; Baghi, H.B.; Khatami, N.; Yousefi, B.; Sadeghpour, A. Melatonin in regulation of inflammatory pathways in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis: Involvement of circadian clock genes. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2018,175,3230-3238. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
94. Vriend, J.; Reiter, R.J. Melatonin feedback on clock genes: A theory involving the proteasome. J. Pineal Res. 2015, 58,1-11. [CrossRef]
95. Ma, N.; Zhang, J.; Reiter, R.J.; Ma, X. Melatonin mediates mucosal immune cells, microbial metabolism, and rhythm crosstalk: A therapeutic target to reduce intestinal inflammation. Med. Res. Rev. 2019, 40, 606-632. [CrossRef]
96. Emens, J.S.; Burgess, H.J. Effect of Light and Melatonin and Other Melatonin Receptor Agonists on Human Circadian Physiology. Sleep Med. Clin. 2015,10,435-453. [CrossRef]
97. Emet, M.; Ozcan, H.; Ozel, L.; Yayla, M.; Halici, Z.; Hacimuftuoglu, A. A Review of Melatonin, Its Receptors and Drugs. Eurasian J. Med. 2016, 48,135-141. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
98. Liu, J.; Clough, S.J.; Hutchinson, A.J.; Adamah-Biassi, E.B.; Popovska-Gorevski, M.; Dubocovich, M.L. MT1 and MT2 Melatonin Receptors: A Therapeutic Perspective. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 2016, 56, 361-383. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
99. Ng, K.Y.; Leong, M.K.; Liang, H.; Paxinos, G. Melatonin receptors: Distribution in mammalian brain and their respective putative functions. Brain Struct. Funct. 2017,222, 2921-2939. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
100. Favero, G.; Franceschetti, L.; Bonomini, F.; Rodella, L.F.; Rezzani, R. Melatonin as an Anti-Inflammatory Agent Modulating Inflammasome Activation. Int. J. Endocrinol. 2017,2017,1-13. [CrossRef]
101. Oishi, A.; Cecon, E.; Jockers, R. Melatonin Receptor Signaling: Impact of Receptor Oligomerization on Receptor Function. Int. Rev. Cell. Mol. Biol. 2018, 338, 59-77. [CrossRef]
102. Mortezaee, K.; Potes, Y.; Mirtavoos-Mahyari, H.; Motevaseli, E.; Shabeeb, D.; Musa, A.E.; Najafi, M.; Farhood, B. Boosting immune system against cancer by melatonin: A mechanistic viewpoint. Life Sci. 2019, 238,1-8. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
103. Carrascal, L.; Nunez-Abades, P.; Ayala, A.; Cano, M. Role of Melatonin in the Inflammatory Process and its Therapeutic Potential. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2018,24,1563-1588. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
104. Hardeland, R. Aging, Melatonin, and the Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Networks. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20,1223. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
105. Prado, N.J.; Ferder, L.; Manucha, W.; Diez, E.R. Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Melatonin in Obesity and Hypertension. Curr. Hypertens. Rep. 2018, 20,1-12. [CrossRef]
106. Alghamdi, B.S. The neuroprotective role of melatonin in neurological disorders. J. Neurosci. Res. 2018, 96, 1136-1149. [CrossRef]
107. Shukla, M.; Govitrapong, P.; Boontem, P.; Reiter, R.J.; Satayavivad, J. Mechanisms of Melatonin in Alleviating Alzheimer's Disease. Curr. Neuropharmacol. 2017,15,1010-1031. [CrossRef]
108. Gelfand, A.A.; Goadsby, PJ. The Role of Melatonin in the Treatment of Primary Headache Disorders. Headache 2016, 56,1257-1266. [CrossRef]
109. Mostafavi, S.A.; Akhondzadeh, S.; Mohammadi, M.R.; Keshtkar, A.A.; Hosseini, S.; Eshraghian, M.R.; Motlagh, T.A.; Alipour, R.; Keshavarz, S.A. Role of Melatonin in Body Weight: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2017, 23, 3445-3452. [CrossRef]
110. Sharma, S.; Singh, H.; Ahmad, N.; Mishra, P.; Tiwari, A. The role of melatonin in diabetes: Therapeutic implications. Arch. Endocrinol. Metab. 2015, 59, 391-399. [CrossRef]
111. Karamitri, A.; Jockers, R. Melatonin in type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 2019,15, 105-125. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
112. Nduhirabandi, F.; Maarman, G.J. Melatonin in Heart Failure: A Promising Therapeutic Strategy? Molecules 2018, 23,1819. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
113. Manchester, L.C.; Coto-Montes, A.; Boga, J.A.; Andersen, L.P.; Zhou, Z.; Galano, A.; Vriend, J.; Tan, D.X.; Reiter, R.J. Melatonin: An ancient molecule that makes oxygen metabolically tolerable. J. Pineal Res. 2015, 59, 403-419. [CrossRef]
114. Reiter, R.J.; Rosales-Corral, S.; Tan, D.X.; Jou, M.J.; Galano, A.; Xu, B. Melatonin as a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant: One of evolution's best ideas. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 2017, 74,3863-3881. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
115. Tan, D.X.; Manchester, L.C.; Esteban-Zubero, E.; Zhou, Z.; Reiter, R.J. Melatonin as a Potent and Inducible Endogenous Antioxidant: Synthesis and Metabolism. Molecules 2015, 20,18886-18906. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
116. Karaaslan, C.; Suzen, S. Antioxidant properties of melatonin and its potential action in diseases. Curr. Top. Med. Chem. 2015,15, 894-903. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
117. Osier, N.; McGreevy, E.; Pham, L.; Puccio, A.; Ren, D.; Conley, Y.P.; Alexander, S.; Dixon, C.E. Melatonin as a Therapy for Traumatic Brain Injury: A Review of Published Evidence. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, 1539. [CrossRef]
118. Asghari, M.H.; Moloudizargari, M.; Bahadar, H.; Abdollahi, M. A review of the protective effect of melatonin in pesticide-induced toxicity. Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol. 2017,13,545-554. [CrossRef]
119. Vishnoi, S.; Raisuddin, S.; Parvez, S. Glutamate Excitotoxicity and Oxidative Stress in Epilepsy: Modulatory Role of Melatonin. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol. 2016, 35, 365-374. [CrossRef]
120. Jaworek, J.; Szklarczyk, J.; Bonior, J.; Kot, M.; Goralska, M.; Pierzchalski, P.; Reiter, R.J.; Czech, U.; Tomaszewska, R. Melatonin metabolite, N(1)-acetyl-N(1)-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine (AFMK), attenuates acute pancreatitis in the rat: In vivo and in vitro studies. J. Physiol. Pharm. Off. J. Pol. Physiol. Soc. 2016, 67, 411-421.
121. Galano, A.; Tan, D.X.; Reiter, R.J. On the free radical scavenging activities of melatonin's metabolites, AFMK and AMK. J. Pineal Res. 2013, 54, 245-257. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
122. Martinez, G.R.; Almeida, E.A.; Klitzke, C.F.; Onuki, J.; Prado, F.M.; Medeiros, M.H.; Di Mascio, P. Measurement of melatonin and its metabolites: Importance for the evaluation of their biological roles. Endocrine 2005,27,111-118. [CrossRef]
123. Hardeland, R. Melatonin and the electron transport chain. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 2017, 74, 3883-3896. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
124. He, R.; Cui, M.; Lin, H.; Zhao, L.; Wang, J.; Chen, S.; Shao, Z. Melatonin resists oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in nucleus pulposus cells. Life Sci. 2018,199,122-130. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
125. Fernandez-Gil, B.; Moneim, A.E.; Ortiz, F.; Shen, Y.Q.; Soto-Mercado, V.; Mendivil-Perez, M.; Guerra-Librero, A.; Acuna-Castroviejo, D.; Molina-Navarro, M.M.; Garcia-Verdugo, J.M.; et al. Melatonin protects rats from radiotherapy-induced small intestine toxicity. PLoS ONE 2017,12, e0174474. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
126. Gurses, I.; Ozeren, M.; Serin, M.; Yucel, N.; Erkal, H.S. Histopathological evaluation of melatonin as a protective agent in heart injury induced by radiation in a rat model. Pathol. Res. Pract. 2014, 210, 863-871. [CrossRef]
127. Haddadi, G.; Shirazi, A.; Sepehrizadeh, Z.; Mahdavi, S.R.; Haddadi, M. Radioprotective effect of melatonin on the cervical spinal cord in irradiated rats. Cell J. 2013,14, 246-253.
128. Sharma, S.; Haldar, C.; Chaube, S.K. Effect of exogenous melatonin on X-ray induced cellular toxicity in lymphatic tissue of Indian tropical male squirrel, Funambulus pennanti. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 2008, 84, 363-374. [CrossRef]
129. Shirazi, A.; Haddadi, G.H.; Asadi-Amoli, F.; Sakhaee, S.; Ghazi-Khansari, M.; Avand, A. Radioprotective effect of melatonin in reducing oxidative stress in rat lenses. Cell J. 2011,13, 79-82. [CrossRef]
130. Take, G.; Erdogan, D.; Helvacioglu, F.; Goktas, G.; Ozbey, G.; Uluoglu, C.; Yucel, B.; Guney, Y.; Hicsonmez, A.; Ozkan, S. Effect of melatonin and time of administration on irradiation-induced damage to rat testes. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 2009, 42, 621-628. [CrossRef]
131. Alicelebic, S.; Mornjakovic, Z.; Susko, I.; Cosovic, E.; Beganovic-Petrovic, A. The role of pineal gland and exogenous melatonin on the irradiation stress response of suprarenal gland. Bosn. J. Basic Med. Sci. 2006, 6, 18-21. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
132. Bhatia, A.L.; Manda, K. Study on pre-treatment of melatonin against radiation-induced oxidative stress in mice. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2004,18,13-20. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
133. Erol, F.S.; Topsakal, C.; Ozveren, M.F.; Kaplan, M.; Ilhan, N.; Ozercan, I.H.; Yildiz, O.G. Protective effects of melatonin and vitamin E in brain damage due to gamma radiation: An experimental study. Neurosurg. Rev. 2004, 27, 65-69. [CrossRef]
134. Sener, G.; Jahovic, N.; Tosun, O.; Atasoy, B.M.; Yegen, B.C. Melatonin ameliorates ionizing radiation-induced oxidative organ damage in rats. Life Sci. 2003, 74, 563-572. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
135. Taysi, S.; Koc, M.; Buyukokuroglu, M.E.; Altinkaynak, K.; Sahin, Y.N. Melatonin reduces lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide during irradiation-induced oxidative injury in the rat liver. J. Pineal Res. 2003, 34,173-177. [CrossRef]
136. Vasin, M.V.; Ushakov, I.B.; Kovtun, V.Y.; Semenova, L.A.; Koroleva, L.V.; Galkin, A.A.; Afanas'ev, R.V. Therapeutic effect of long-term melatonin treatment on the course and fatal outcome of modeled acute radiation sickness. Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. 2014,156, 776-777. [CrossRef]
137. Vijayalaxmi; Reiter, R.J.; Herman, T.S.; Meltz, M.L. Melatonin reduces gamma radiation-induced primary DNA damage in human blood lymphocytes. Mutat. Res. 1998, 397, 203-208. [CrossRef]
138. Fernandez-Gil, B.I.; Guerra-Librero, A.; Shen, Y.Q.; Florido, J.; Martinez-Ruiz, L.; Garcia-Lopez, S.; Adan, C.; Rodriguez-Santana, C.; Acuna-Castroviejo, D.; Quinones-Hinojosa, A.; et al. Melatonin Enhances Cisplatin and radiation Cytotoxicity in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Stimulating Mitochondrial ROS Generation, Apoptosis, and Autophagy. Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev. 2019, 2019,1-13. [CrossRef]
139. Griffin, F.; Marignol, L. Therapeutic potential of melatonin for breast cancer radiation therapy patients. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 2018, 94, 472-477. [CrossRef]
140. Wang, Q.; Sun, Z.; Du, L.; Xu, C.; Wang, Y.; Yang, B.; He, N.; Wang, J.; Ji, K.; Liu, Y.; et al. Melatonin Sensitizes Human Colorectal Cancer Cells to gamma-ray Ionizing radiation In Vitro and In Vivo. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018,19, 3974. [CrossRef]
141. Ratheesh, V.; Subramanian, S.; Prakash, P.S.G.; Victor, D.J. Evaluation of Association of vitamin D Receptor Genetic Polymorphism with Severe Chronic Periodontitis in an Ethnic Tamilian Population. Genet. Test. Mol. Biomark. 2018, 22,615-621. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
142. Holick, M.F. The vitamin D deficiency pandemic: Approaches for diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord. 2017,18,153-165. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
143. Mellanby, E. An Experimental Investigation On Rickets. Lancet 1919,193, 407-412. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
144. McCollum, E.V.; Simmonds, N.; Becker, J.E.; Shipley, P. Studies on experimental rickets XXI. An experimental demonstration of the existence of a vitamin which promotes calcium deposition. J. Biol. Chem. 1922, 53, 293-312.
145. Windaus, A.; Schenck, F.; Werder, F. Über das antirachitisch wirksame Bestrahlungsprodukt ans 7-Dehydro-cholesterin. Hoppe-Seyler's Zeitschrift für physiologische Chemie 1936,241,100-103. [CrossRef]
146. Jones, G. The discovery and synthesis of the nutritional factor vitamin D. Int. J. Paleopathol. 2018, 23, 96-99. [CrossRef]
147. Wilson, L.R.; Tripkovic, L.; Hart, K.H.; Lanham-New, S.A. vitamin D deficiency as a public health issue: Using vitamin D2 or vitamin D3 in future fortification strategies. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 2017, 76, 392-399. [CrossRef]
148. Borel, P.; Caillaud, D.; Cano, N.J. vitamin D bioavailability: State of the art. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2015,55, 1193-1205. [CrossRef]
149. Cardwell, G.; Bornman, J.F.; James, A.P.; Black, L.J. A Review of Mushrooms as a Potential Source of Dietary vitamin D. Nutrients 2018,10,1498. [CrossRef]
150. Duffy, S.K.; O'Doherty, J.V.; Rajauria, G.; Clarke, L.C.; Hayes, A.; Dowling, K.G.; O'Grady, M.N.; Kerry, J.P.; Jakobsen, J.; Cashman, K.D.; et al. vitamin D-biofortified beef: A comparison of cholecalciferol with synthetic versus UVB-mushroom-derived ergosterol as feed source. Food Chem. 2018, 256,18-24. [CrossRef]
151. Vaes, A.M.M.; Brouwer-Brolsma, E.M.; van der Zwaluw, N.L.; van Wijngaarden, J.P.; Berendsen, A.A.M.; van Schoor, N.; van der Velde, N.; Uitterlinden, A.; Lips, P.; Dhonukshe-Rutten, R.A.M.; et al. Food sources of vitamin D and their association with 25-hydroxyvitamin D status in Dutch older adults. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2017,173, 228-234. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
152. Jeon, S.M.; Shin, E.A. Exploring vitamin D metabolism and function in cancer. Exp. Mol. Med. 2018,50,1-14. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
153. Smolensky, M.H.; Sackett-Lundeen, L.L.; Portaluppi, F. Nocturnal light pollution and underexposure to daytime sunlight: Complementary mechanisms of circadian disruption and related diseases. Chronobiol. Int.

32,1029-1048. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

1. Juzeniene, A.; Grigalavicius, M.; Juraleviciute, M.; Grant, W.B. Phototherapy and vitamin D. Clin. Dermatol. 2016 34, 548-555. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
2. Duchow, E.G.; Cooke, N.E.; Seeman, J.; Plum, L.A.; DeLuca, H.F. vitamin D binding protein is required to utilize skin-generated vitamin D. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2019,116,24527-24532. [CrossRef]
3. Denburg, M.R.; Bhan, I. vitamin D-Binding Protein in Health and Chronic Kidney Disease. Semin. Dial. 2015, 28, 636-644. [CrossRef]
4. Bahrami, A.; Sadeghnia, H.R.; Tabatabaeizadeh, S.A.; Bahrami-Taghanaki, H.; Behboodi, N.; Esmaeili, H.; Ferns, G.A.; Mobarhan, M.G.; Avan, A. Genetic and epigenetic factors influencing vitamin D status. J. Cell. Physiol. 2018,233, 4033-4043. [CrossRef]
5. Jean, G.; Souberbielle, J.C.; Chazot, C. vitamin D in Chronic Kidney Disease and Dialysis Patients. Nutrients 2016 9, 328. [CrossRef]
6. Abbas, M.A. Physiological functions of vitamin D in adipose tissue. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2017,165, 369-381. [CrossRef]
7. Gil, A.; Plaza-Diaz, J.; Mesa, M.D. vitamin D: Classic and Novel Actions. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 2018, 72, 87-95. [CrossRef]
8. Deuster, E.; Jeschke, U.; Ye, Y.; Mahner, S.; Czogalla, B. vitamin D and VDR in Gynecological Cancers-A Systematic Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017,18, 2328. [CrossRef]
9. Marino, R.; Misra, M. Extra-Skeletal Effects of vitamin D. Nutrients 2019,11,1460. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
10. Christakos, S.; Veldurthy, V.; Patel, N.; Wei, R. Intestinal Regulation of Calcium: vitamin D and Bone Physiology. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2017,1033, 3-12. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
11. Bouillon, R.; Carmeliet, G. vitamin D insufficiency: Definition, diagnosis and management. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2018, 32, 669-684. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
12. Parker, G.B.; Brotchie, H.; Graham, R.K. vitamin D and depression. J. Affect. Disord. 2017, 208, 56-61. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
13. Pilz, S.; Verheyen, N.; Grubler, M.R.; Tomaschitz, A.; Marz, W. vitamin D and cardiovascular disease prevention. Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 2016,13, 404-417. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
14. Wang, J.; Lv, S.; Chen, G.; Gao, C.; He, J.; Zhong, H.; Xu, Y. Meta-analysis of the association between vitamin D and autoimmune thyroid disease. Nutrients 2015, 7, 2485-2498. [CrossRef]
15. Ferrari, D.; Lombardi, G.; Banfi, G. Concerning the vitamin D reference range: Pre-analytical and analytical variability of vitamin D measurement. Biochem. Med. 2017,27,1-14. [CrossRef]
16. Pludowski, P.; Holick, M.F.; Grant, W.B.; Konstantynowicz, J.; Mascarenhas, M.R.; Haq, A.; Povoroznyuk, V.; Balatska, N.; Barbosa, A.P.; Karonova, T.; et al. vitamin D supplementation guidelines. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2018,175,125-135. [CrossRef]
17. Tagliaferri, S.; Porri, D.; De Giuseppe, R.; Manuelli, M.; Alessio, F.; Cena, H. The controversial role of vitamin D as an antioxidant: Results from randomised controlled trials. Nutr. Res. Rev. 2019, 32, 99-105. [CrossRef]
18. Hajiluian, G.; Abbasalizad Farhangi, M.; Nameni, G.; Shahabi, P.; Megari-Abbasi, M. Oxidative stress-induced cognitive impairment in obesity can be reversed by vitamin D administration in rats. Nutr. Neurosci. 2018,21, 744-752. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
19. Jagoda, S.V.; Dixon, K.M. Protective effects of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 and its analogs on ultraviolet radiation-induced oxidative stress: A review. Redox Rep. 2020,25,11-16. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
20. Tang, L.; Fang, W.; Lin, J.; Li, J.; Wu, W.; Xu, J. vitamin D protects human melanocytes against oxidative damage by activation of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling. Lab. Investig. 2018, 98,1527-1537. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
21. Jain, S.K.; Micinski, D. vitamin D upregulates glutamate cysteine ligase and glutathione reductase, and GSH formation, and decreases ROS and MCP-1 and IL-8 secretion in high-glucose exposed U937 monocytes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2013, 437,7-11. [CrossRef]
22. Dzik, K.; Skrobot, W.; Flis, D.J.; Karnia, M.; Libionka, W.; Kloc, W.; Kaczor, J.J. vitamin D supplementation attenuates oxidative stress in paraspinal skeletal muscles in patients with low back pain. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2018,118,143-151. [CrossRef]
23. Chen, L.; Yang, R.; Qiao, W.; Yuan, X.; Wang, S.; Goltzman, D.; Miao, D. 1,25-Dihydroxy vitamin D prevents tumorigenesis by inhibiting oxidative stress and inducing tumor cellular senescence in mice. Int. J. Cancer 2018, 143, 368-382. [CrossRef]
24. Sepehrmanesh, Z.; Kolahdooz, F.; Abedi, F.; Mazroii, N.; Assarian, A.; Asemi, Z.; Esmaillzadeh, A. vitamin D Supplementation Affects the Beck Depression Inventory, Insulin Resistance, and Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial. J. Nutr. 2016,146, 243-248. [CrossRef]
25. Barzegari, M.; Sarbakhsh, P.; Mobasseri, M.; Noshad, H.; Esfandiari, A.; Khodadadi, B.; Gargari, B.P. The effects of vitamin D supplementation on lipid profiles and oxidative indices among diabetic nephropathy patients with marginal vitamin D status. Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Clin. Res. Rev. 2019,13, 542-547. [CrossRef]
26. Hayes, D.P. The protection afforded by vitamin D against low radiation damage. Int. J. Low Radiat. 2008, 5, 368-394. [CrossRef]
27. Starikovich, L.S.; Aragon, G.A.; Vernikovska, Y.I.; Vigovska, T.V.; Veliky, M.M. Effect of a vitamin D3-based nutritional supplement ('Videchol') on carbohydrate metabolism of rats following chronic low dose-rate irradiation. J. Radiol. Prot. 2001,21, 269-276. [CrossRef]
28. Muller, K.; Schinn, M.; Reichrath, J.; Meineke, V. 1alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 modulates the response of human keratinocytes to ionizing radiation exposure. Anticancer Res. 2006, 26, 2735-2741. [PubMed]
29. Langberg, M.; Rotem, C.; Fenig, E.; Koren, R.; Ravid, A. vitamin D protects keratinocytes from deleterious effects of ionizing radiation. Br. J. Dermatol. 2009,160,151-161. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
30. Tremezaygues, L.; Seifert, M.; Vogt, T.; Tilgen, W.; Reichrath, J. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 modulates effects of ionizing radiation (IR) on human keratinocytes: In vitro analysis of cell viability/proliferation, DNA-damage and -repair. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2010,121, 324-327. [CrossRef]
31. Marampon, F.; Gravina, G.L.; Festuccia, C.; Popov, V.M.; Colapietro, E.A.; Sanita, P.; Musio, D.; De Felice, F.; Lenzi, A.; Jannini, E.A.; et al. vitamin D protects endothelial cells from irradiation-induced senescence and apoptosis by modulating MAPK/SirTl axis. J. Endocrinol. Investig. 2016, 39,411-422. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
32. Bristol, M.L.; Di, X.; Beckman, M.J.; Wilson, E.N.; Henderson, S.C.; Maiti, A.; Fan, Z.; Gewirtz, D.A. Dual functions of autophagy in the response of breast tumor cells to radiation: Cytoprotective autophagy with radiation alone and cytotoxic autophagy in radiosensitization by vitamin D 3. Autophagy 2012, 8, 739-753. [CrossRef]
33. Jeong, Y.; Swami, S.; Krishnan, A.V.; Williams, J.D.; Martin, S.; Horst, R.L.; Albertelli, M.A.; Feldman, B.J.; Feldman, D.; Diehn, M. Inhibition of Mouse Breast Tumor-Initiating Cells by Calcitriol and Dietary vitamin D. Mol. Cancer Ther. 2015,14,1951-1961. [CrossRef]
34. Polar, M.K.; Gennings, C.; Park, M.; Gupta, M.S.; Gewirtz, D.A. Effect of the vitamin D3 analog ILX 23-7553 on apoptosis and sensitivity to fractionated radiation in breast tumor cells and normal human fibroblasts. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 2003,51,415-421. [CrossRef]
35. Sharma, K.; Goehe, R.W.; Di, X.; Hicks, M.A., 2nd; Torti, S.V.; Torti, F.M.; Harada, H.; Gewirtz, D.A. A novel cytostatic form of autophagy in sensitization of non-small cell lung cancer cells to radiation by vitamin D and the vitamin D analog, EB 1089. Autophagy 2014,10, 2346-2361. [CrossRef]
36. Wilson, E.N.; Bristol, M.L.; Di, X.; Maltese, W.A.; Koterba, K.; Beckman, M.J.; Gewirtz, D.A. A switch between cytoprotective and cytotoxic autophagy in the radiosensitization of breast tumor cells by chloroquine and vitamin D. Horm. Cancer 2011, 2, 272-285. [CrossRef]
37. Tissandie, E.; Gueguen, Y.; Lobaccaro, J.M.; Aigueperse, J.; Gourmelon, P.; Paquet, F.; Souidi, M. Chronic contamination with 137Cesium affects vitamin D3 metabolism in rats. Toxicology 2006, 225, 75-80. [CrossRef]
38. Kaminskyi, O.V.; Pankiv, V.I.; Pankiv, I.V.; Afanasyev, D.E. vitamin D content in population of radiologically contaminated areas in chernivtsi oblast (pilot project). Probl. Radiac. Med. Radiobiol. 2018, 23, 442-451. [CrossRef] [PubMed]