Vitamin D and mortality: Individual participant data meta-analysis of standardized 25-hydroxyvitamin D in 26916 individuals from a European consortium.
PLoS One. 2017 Feb 16;12(2):e0170791. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170791. eCollection 2017.
Table 3. Adjusted hazard ratio of death from cardiovascular causes (95% CI) by standardized 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in nmol/L in competing risk analysis for full database without the New Hoorn Study [simplified and augmented by Vitamin D Life]
| Category | <30 nmol/L | 30–40 | 40–50 | 50–75 | 75–100 | 100 | >100 |
| Sample size, n | 2716 | 2853 | 4638 | 10717 | 2648 | - | 753 |
| Deaths, n | 397 | 257 | 377 | 663 | 100 | - | 16 |
| Death. % | 15% | 9% | 17% | 6% | 4% | - | 2% |
| Model 1a | Hazard Rate | 3.18 | 1.99 | 1.72 | 1.35 | 1.00 | 0.95 |
| Model 2b | Hazard Rate | 3.10 | 1.93 | 1.69 | 1.34 | 1.00 | 0.95 |
| Model 3c | Hazard Rate | 2.54 | 1.74 | 1.68 | 1.38 | 1.00 | 0.91 |
| Model 4d | Hazard Rate | 2.21 | 1.61 | 1.65 | 1.37 | 1.00 | 0.92 |
It appears that a person is at least 5 times more likely to not die of cardiovascular problems if he has a high level of vitamin D
A few of the many previous studies in Vitamin D Life which have had a similar conclusion:
- 2.4 times more likely to die if low Vitamin D (11,000 people for 14 years) – Sept 2016
- Chance of dying of various conditions reduced by higher levels of vitamin D – May 2015
- 1.9 X more likely to die if very low vitamin D – June 2014
- Increased mortality associated with low vitamin D genes – Nov 2014
- Dr. Grant on vitamin D and mortality in Vitamin D Life has the following chart
People die sooner if they have low vitamin D
click on image for details
German language comment on this and previous mortality studies
Items in both of the categories Cardiovascular and Mortality
- Omega-3 reduced cardiovascular deaths by 16 percent (427,678 people) – March 2020
- Cardiovascular death 1.5X more likely if less than 20 ng of Vitamin D – 22nd meta-analysis Nov 2019
- Mortality associated with Vitamin K insufficiency (PREVEND Study) – Nov 2017
- Cardiovascular deaths 12 percent less likely if have 10 ng more vitamin D – meta-analysis March 2017
- 7X increased chance of death if coronary artery disease and low vitamin D – Oct 2013
- Fewer heart attacks, hip fractures and deaths if more skin cancer – Sept 2013
- Vitamin D protects against many types of health problems – review May 2013
- Almost 6X more likely to die after coronary bypass if vitamin D deficient – Dec 2012
- Predicted cardiac surgery death associated with low vitamin D levels – Dec 2012
- 3 X increased chance of death if have asthma – study of 200,000 people over 10 years – Nov 2012
- Low levels of vitamin D associated with all cause mortality – Oct 2012
- Death in less than 2 years of Heart Failure associated with low vitamin D - April 2012
- Heart Failure early death 2X more likely if less than 20 nanograms of vitamin D – June 2012
- Chance of death after heart failure reduced by 1000 IU of vitamin D – Feb 2012
- Heart patients 10 percent more likely to die for every 4 ng less vitamin D – May 2011
- Did not find association between vitamin D and cardiovascular mortality – Sept 2010
- Table of outcomes for seniors vs vitamin D level
Items in both of the categories Meta-analysis and Mortality
- Deaths from many types of Cancer associated with low vitamin D- review of meta-analyses Sept 2020
- People supplemented with Vitamin D had 13 percent fewer Cancer deaths – Meta-analysis of RCT June 2019
- Cancer with low Vitamin D increases Mortality by 13 percent – meta-analysis Feb 2019
- Decreased Vitamin D is associated with dying sooner (70 studies) – meta-analysis Jan 2019
- Prostate Cancer death 40 percent less likely if 40 ng level of vitamin D – Meta-analysis Oct 2018
- Review of meta-analyses of non-skeletal benefits of vitamin D (Mortality, RTI, etc) – July 2017
- Chronic Kidney Disease mortality is 60 percent less likely if good vitamin D – meta-analysis July 2017
- Lung Cancer death 60 percent less likely if high level of vitamin D – 2 meta-analysis 2017
- Breast Cancer Mortality reduced 60 percent if more than 60 ng of Vitamin D – meta-analysis June 2017
- Cardiovascular deaths 12 percent less likely if have 10 ng more vitamin D – meta-analysis March 2017
- ICU patients 30 percent less likely to die if have enough vitamin D – meta-analysis Nov 2016
- Less likely to die if have enough vitamin D - Meta-analysis June 2014
- Cancer survival 4 percent more likely with just a little more vitamin D (4 ng) - meta-analysis July 2014
- Death due to breast cancer reduced 40 percent if high vitamin D – meta-analysis April 2014
- Vitamin D reduces risk of cause specific death, unless it is D2 – meta-analysis BMJ April 2014
- More survive Breast Cancer if more vitamin D – 2X fewer deaths with just 30 ng -meta-analysis March 2014
- Colorectal and Breast Cancer – Vitamin D is associated with fewer deaths – meta-analysis Feb 2014
- Death of women from cancer 24 percent less likely if 20 ng more vitamin D – meta-analysis Sept 2013
- Chance of dying increases by 25 percent in seniors if low vitamin D – Meta-analysis July 2013
- Breast Cancer survival 2X more likely if vitamin D sufficient – meta-analysis May 2013
- Vitamin D with Calcium reduces mortality by 7 percent – meta-analysis May 2012
- Death rate reduced 8 percent for 8 nanogram more vitamin D – meta-analysis Feb 2012
- 40 ng Vitamin D perhaps optimal for reduced mortality – Meta-analysis Jan 2012
- Vitamin D3 but not D2 reduces mortality – meta-analysis July 2011
- Vitamin D and mortality a meta-analysis of RCT - 2008
Download the PDF from Vitamin D Life
Gaksch M1, Jorde R2, Grimnes G2, Joakimsen R2, Schirmer H3, Wilsgaard T4, Mathiesen EB2, Njølstad I4, Løchen ML4, März W5,6,7, Kleber ME5,8, Tomaschitz A9,10,11, Grübler M1,9,12, Eiriksdottir G13, Gudmundsson EF13, Harris TB14, Cotch MF15, Aspelund T13,16, Gudnason V13,16, Rutters F17, Beulens JW17,18, van 't Riet E17, Nijpels G17, Dekker JM17, Grove-Laugesen D19, Rejnmark L19, Busch MA20, Mensink GB20, Scheidt-Nave C20, Thamm M20, Swart KM17, Brouwer IA21, Lips P22, van Schoor NM17, Sempos CT23, Durazo-Arvizu RA24, Škrabáková Z25, Dowling KG25, Cashman KD25,26, Kiely M25,27, Pilz S1,17.
BACKGROUND:
Vitamin D deficiency may be a risk factor for mortality but previous meta-analyses lacked standardization of laboratory methods for 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) concentrations and used aggregate data instead of individual participant data (IPD). We therefore performed an IPD meta-analysis on the association between standardized serum 25(OH)D and mortality.
METHODS:
In a European consortium of eight prospective studies, including seven general population cohorts, we used the Vitamin D Standardization Program (VDSP) protocols to standardize 25(OH)D data. Meta-analyses using a one step procedure on IPD were performed to study associations of 25(OH)D with all-cause mortality as the primary outcome, and with cardiovascular and cancer mortality as secondary outcomes. This meta-analysis is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02438488.
FINDINGS:
We analysed 26916 study participants (median age 61.6 years, 58% females) with a median 25(OH)D concentration of 53.8 nmol/L. During a median follow-up time of 10.5 years, 6802 persons died. Compared to participants with 25(OH)D concentrations of 75 to 99.99 nmol/L, the adjusted hazard ratios (with 95% confidence interval) for mortality in the 25(OH)D groups with 40 to 49.99, 30 to 39.99, and <30 nmol/L were 1.15 (1.00-1.29), 1.33 (1.16-1.51), and 1.67 (1.44-1.89), respectively. We observed similar results for cardiovascular mortality, but there was no significant linear association between 25(OH)D and cancer mortality. There was also no significantly increased mortality risk at high 25(OH)D levels up to 125 nmol/L.
INTERPRETATION:
In the first IPD meta-analysis using standardized measurements of 25(OH)D we observed an association between low 25(OH)D and increased risk of all-cause mortality. It is of public health interest to evaluate whether treatment of vitamin D deficiency prevents premature deaths.
PMID: 28207791 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170791
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